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Thousands of automobile collisions occur everyday. And every day thousands are injured. Researchers note that the majority of urgency injury claims occur at relatively low speeds of about 12 mph.
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This causes great disputes in the middle of injured parties and the insurance associates that are responsible for compensating them fro their injuries. To insurers, there nothing else but is no speed at which they want to admit and injury could occur. For economic reasons they try to dismiss whiplash in its entirety as if it doesn't exist. Thanks to up-to-date irrefutable investigate studies proving the existence and exact mechanism of whiplash injuries, insurers are hard pressed to try the "whiplash is a hoax" defense nearly as much as in the past. A more up-to-date tactic is to claim the speed of the collision is too low to cause injury. The defense often relies on their insured's reports of how fast they were going when they ran into the back of the other party-obviously biased data. Other times photographs of the car damage is used to show a low speed. Often, the photographs are shown to an urgency Reconstructionist who by merely looking at photographic damage renders an notion on how fast the vehicles were traveling. They will even go so far to make statements such as "the evidence suggests there was insufficient force to cause human corporeal injury..." This would be laughable if it didn't cause so many problems for injured victims. Here are but a few facts about motor car injuries and their relationship to speed with supporting scientific evidence. Three distinct studies (Panjabi, Panjabi and Cholewicki and Kaneoka) proved the mechanism by which the neck is injured by a rear impact force. [1], [2], [3] The studies complicated simulating a rear impact collision ot live human test subjects and recording the results with cineradiography (high speed request for retrial x-rays). The researchers found that the neck was injured by deforming into an "S- shaped" configuration. All three of these studies found that this corporeal event occurred at speeds as low as 2.5 mph. The radiographically proven human threshold for injury in a rear impact collision therefore is 2.5 mph. Other authors have disputed these figures and some insurance firm sponsored studies have found the threshold to be closer to 5 mph. For the sake of argument, let's stipulate that the 5 mph threshold is correct. It still means that a collision of only 5 mph can cause damage to the neck. Freeman et. Al. In Spine, Vol. 23, estimate 9, 1998, p. 1046 shows the damage thresholds for many cars. This is the minimum speed required to cause the car to show descriptive signs of damage. The smallest, lightest car listed was the 1980 Toyota Tercel, which required a collision of 8.1 mph to come to be damaged. On the other end of the spectrum was the 1989 Chevrolet Citation, which required 12.7 mph. A Ford F-250 pick up required 11.7 mph. Cars built today are equipped with rear bumpers designed not to show any damage below 5 mph. In an endeavor to reduce mend costs shouldered by insurance companies, crash standards were adopted to mandate rear bumpers must withstand a 5 mph collision into a fixed barrier (wall, pole, etc) without any descriptive evidence of damage. It should be noted that this appropriate involves testing of "vehicle to barrier" crashes not "vehicle to vehicle" testing. In "vehicle to vehicle" crashes where the bumpers line up well, it takes considerably more force to cause descriptive bumper damage than a 5 mph collision. Some tests have shown that cars could be crashed repeatedly at 20 mph and not show outer damage. In a "vehicle to vehicle" crash it is estimated that the minimum speed to cause descriptive damage is approximately 15 mph. Another observation is that while a bumper may look undamaged from the outside after a collision, inside under the skin, the foam or plastic may be crushed or cracked. This is not seen from the outside, so photographs would make it appear as if no damage was sustained. Still further, the bumper may appear intact, but on unibody vehicles, the unibody may be bent or deformed by a collision. This may not be apparent and some auto mend facilities may miss it. So what does this mean? It means that if you are rear-ended and your bumper is cracked, dented, or misplaced at all, your collision complicated speeds in excess of 15 mph. That's 3 times the human threshold for injury if we use the 5 mph figure. In reality, the proven threshold is only 2.5 mph, so a collision of 15 mph is 6 times the threshold for injury. Now let's say your car sustained no descriptive damage, but your neck hurts after the collision. Does that mean you weren't nothing else but injured? No. It means that the vehicle's threshold for damage was not exceeded. The impact could have been 10 mph. Too low for bumper damage, but still 4 times the threshold for human injury. In a low speed collision, the kinetic military that are transferred from the other car into your car are not dampened or bled off by your bumper. Instead, the force is transmitted through the vehicle, into your seat and to your neck resulting in injury. If your body or neck are jolted or jerked by the impact, an injury could occur. Another aspect to consider is if your car is moved transmit by the impact. An mean car weighs close to 4,000 lbs. Let's say you are hit from behind and your car is pushed transmit a few feet, but shows no signs of bumper damage. Is it possible to be hurt? Yes, of course. The force required to move a stationary 4,000 lb object is tremendous. Can you walk up to a car sitting at a red light with its brakes on and shove it transmit even an inch? Not likely. A collision that is strong enough to propel a car transmit by even inches is plenty enough force to cause a whiplash injury. So, as you have now learned, there nothing else but shouldn't be any dispute on whether a low speed collision can cause injuries. It has been scientifically proven by several studies. It is also a fact that the speed required to cause corporeal injury is quite low, a scant 2.5 mph. It has also been shown that any urgency that causes damage to the rear bumper is likely to cause injuries and even in accidents where there is no outward corporeal damage to the vehicle, there may still be enough military complicated to cause corporeal injuries. References Panjabi Mm, Grauer Jn (1997): "Whiplash produces a S-shape curvature of the neck with hyperextension at lower levels. " Spine 22 (21): 2489-94. Panjabi Mm, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Grauer Jn, Babat Lb, Dvorak J, Bar Hf (1998-12-01): "[Biomechanics of whiplash injury]." Orthopade 1998 Dec; 27(12): 813-9. Koji Kaneoka, Koshiro Ono, Satoshi Inami and Koichiro Hayashi (99-04-15). "Motion analysis of cervical vertebrae during whiplash loading." Spine 24(8): 763-770 Characteristics of definite Automobile Bumpers in Low Velocity Impacts, Sae 940916
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